闯关东的都是山东人吗?为什么一说闯关东就想起山东人-山东有多少闯关东到东北? - 全文

来源:名资汇网 作者:caiji007 2023-12-14 08:35:02
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前面我们讲了山东人闯关东的一些情况,后来有盆友问小编闯关东的都是山东人吗?

实际上闯关东的不仅仅是山东人,自清朝以来,延迟时间三百多年,总数高达数千万的“闯关东队伍”,实际上来源于内地各省市。例如,常被误解为山东人张作霖,他的故乡在河北大城县。其大家族在光绪年间“闯”到东北后,历经六代繁衍生息,有了“东北王”张作霖的光辉。

但是,就是说在这里壮美的“闯关东”历史上,山东人确是扎扎实实的主力。尤其是20世纪初,清朝晚期王朝完全消除了进到东北的“禁令”,大量内地老百姓如潮水般涌进东北大地时,山东人更占到其中的绝大部分:从1910年起,仅从山东半岛渡海“闯关东”的老百姓,每一年就在三十五万人以上。大连市城区从1903年至1935年,移民的涌进造成入口提升了八倍,移民里百分之九十都来源于山东。

东北大地的人口总数,也因而稳赚般疯涨:1840年鸦片战争时,东北入口只能三百万左右,到辛亥革命时就已提升了一千五百万。1920年至1930年的十年间,东北大地就增加移民六百一十八万。到九一八事变前夕时,东北入口更一口气飙涨到三千零八万。这其中的绝大部分入口,全是“移民”奉献的,而山东人,也是移民中的主力。

为何那时候的山东人,都想要去东北“闯”?从清代的开国开始,山东人口猛增,光绪十七年(1891)山东人口超过了3100数万人。1898年山东的人口密度,那时候是全国性第一。""人多地少”的问题,在整个清朝都十分比较严重。山东老百姓出门开垦的状况,从康熙年间起就是说常态化。另加清朝末年以来,山东大地天灾人祸不断,北洋政府无节制的横征暴敛与战争,叫很多丧失土地生活的山东人,迫不得已含着泪离去故乡,远赴外地讨生活。

那么,为什么山东老百姓沒有去经济发展富有天气暖和的南方,而是勇于冒着九死一生的风险性,奔向气侯严寒的东北地区?

最先一条,就是说东北大地与众不同的土地优点。别看沿海地区气侯好经济比较发达,但全国各地的土地早就饱和点,而最开始出门打拼的山东人,主力全是专于垦殖的农户,到中国南方基本上沒有立足之地,到东北却不一样:别看东北气侯严寒,但长期人少地多,大面积富饶的土地,那时候都白白的“闲”在那边。如果你能熬过寒冷,肯下力气,一定会有一个好收获。单这一条,就要是多少山东农户扶老携幼,翻山越岭往东北闯。

因此,就算是在晚清政府沒有消除“禁令”前,山东人冒死闯关东,就已并不是稀奇事。1902年里,日本国学家小越平隆,就亲眼看见了山东人闯关东的“震撼人心”一幕:从奉天(沈阳市)到兴京(新宾)的一路上,四处看得见拉着“山东车”(山东农户常见的木轮车)的移民们扶老携幼,一群群的迈进。场景是“逐队连群……朝阳相望焉”。

交通问题,也是关键的缘故。在清朝亡国前,内地人闯关东,大多数是靠两条腿走陆路,一如小越平隆看到的模样。而从清朝末年至民国时期年里,飞速发展的高铁建设,让山东农户进东北更便捷。20世纪20时代的十年里,以民国时期中国海关统计分析,仅从天津市一地坐火车进到东北的移民,数量就在四十万人以上。

更简单的也有水道,[文]移民们从山东烟台威[章]海等地搭船,进行1[来]00至160千米的[自]水上平行线间距,就[历]能到达东北大地。尽[史]管这路风大风浪大,[大]但是因为其价格低速[全]度更快,因此常是移[网]民们的“首推”。直[文]至1926年里,百[章]分之七十以上的新移[来]民,全是历经这路“[自]闯关东。”

一样变成山东人“闯关东”的,也有东北大地的各种各样“特惠”前提。最早在清朝年里时,尽管对“闯关东”的禁令时紧时松,但有时候为了更好地激励内地农户来东北开垦,也会有一些诱惑的政策。以张学良得话说叫“射箭地”政策,也就是说到东北后“你可以箭射多远,就把这块地给你”。能够 想像,针对长期烦扰“缺地”的山东农户而言,它是多么的大的鼓励。

清朝灭亡后,当初的禁令早不作数。为了更好地激励大量内地农户来东北开垦,“东北王”张作霖掌权下的东三省政府部门,也是政策优惠持续:例如“大放荒”政策,移民们不仅可以领取土地,并且假如三年内不能得到收获,政府部门将取回土地。又例如难民救助政策,东北那时候有大小近一百多个难民收容所,承担移民的救助与安置。乃至移民坐火车进东北,还长期具有半票乃至免票的褔利——要是能到东北劳动者,就给予一切褔利。

此外,那时候东北新兴的工业生产铁路线等产业链,也急缺很多青年人人力资本。例如中东铁路的建造,就从山东等省征募职工近二十万。20世纪20年代抚顺市煤矿开采的矿工50%以上都是山东人。仅山东烟台一地,那时候每一年从东北邮回的汇钱,就会有四千万元之多。每一分钱身后,全是是多少山东汉子,在东北大地汗滴摔八瓣的艰苦奋斗,和对故乡的怀恋。

也一样在移民的辛勤下,近现代东北的经济,有了飞速发展的发展趋势。从1912年到1930年,东北地区的粮食产量升高了约1100万吨。轻重工业稳步发展,新兴大城市如雨后春笋不断涌现。以前苍凉的东北,不到二十年就变成了新的面孔。二十世纪我国的经济板图,不经意间悄悄地更改。

看了那样的巨大变化[历],看了巨大变化身后[史],是多少移民的血汗[大]。作为后代,坚信就[全]能理解:什么是勤快[网]勇敢的中国人!


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